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IEA to BSA converter

Type the old Evidence Act section and get the new Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam section, with a note wherever the rule actually changed.

IPC → BNS CrPC → BNSS Evidence → BSA

Enter the IEA section number, or a word like "confession"

IEA

Popular

New in the BSA

Provisions the IEA never had.

BSA 2(2) · Borrowed definitions
Words not defined in the BSA take their meaning from the IT Act 2000, the BNSS and the BNS.
BSA 61 · Electronic or digital records
An electronic or digital record can't be refused as evidence just because it is electronic. Subject to BSA 63, it has the same effect as any other document.
BSA 170 · Repeal and savings
Repeals the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

Full table

All 170 sections of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023, sub-section by sub-section (191 rows), with the matching IEA section.

IEA	BSA	Provision
1	1	Short title, application and commencementChanged
3	2	Interpretation clause (definitions)Changed
3, para 1	2(1)(a)	"Court"
4, para 3	2(1)(b)	"conclusive proof"Changed
3, para 8	2(1)(c)	"disproved"Changed
3, para 5	2(1)(d)	"document"Changed
3, para 6	2(1)(e)	"evidence"Changed
3, para 2	2(1)(f)	"fact"Changed
3, para 4	2(1)(g)	"facts in issue"
4, para 1	2(1)(h)	"may presume"
3, para 9	2(1)(i)	"not proved"
3, para 7	2(1)(j)	"proved"
3, para 3	2(1)(k)	"relevant"
4, para 2	2(1)(l)	"shall presume"
None (new)	2(2)	Words and expressionsNew
5	3	Evidence may be given of facts in issue and relevant facts
6	4	Relevancy of facts forming part of same transaction (res gestae)
7	5	Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect of facts in issueChanged
8	6	Motive, preparation and previous or subsequent conductChanged
9	7	Facts necessary to explain or introduce relevant factsChanged
10	8	Things said or done by conspirator in reference to common designChanged
11	9	When facts not otherwise relevant become relevantChanged
12	10	Facts tending to enable Court to determine amount are relevant in suits for damagesChanged
13	11	Facts relevant when right or custom is in question
14	12	Facts showing existence of state of mind, or of body or bodily feelingChanged
15	13	Facts bearing on question whether act was accidental or intentionalChanged
16	14	Existence of course of business when relevant
17	15	Admission defined
18	16	Admission by party to proceeding or his agentChanged
19	17	Admissions by persons whose position must be proved as against party to suit
20	18	Admissions by persons expressly referred to by party to suit
21	19	Proof of admissions against persons making themChanged
22	20	When oral admissions as to contents of documents are relevant
23	21	Admissions in civil cases when relevantChanged
24 and 28	22(1)	Confession caused by inducement, threat or promiseChanged
29	22	Confession otherwise relevant not to become irrelevant because of promise of secrecy, etcChanged
25	23(1)	Confession to police officer not to be provedChanged
26 and 27	23(2)	Confession by accused while in custody of policeChanged
30	24	Consideration of proved confession affecting person jointly triedChanged
31	25	Admissions not conclusive proof, but may estop
32	26	Statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses (dying declaration)Changed
33	27	Relevancy of certain evidence for proving, in subsequent proceeding, truth of facts therein statedChanged
34	28	Entries in books of account when relevantChanged
35	29	Relevancy of entry in public record or an electronic record made in performance of duty
36	30	Relevancy of statements in maps, charts and plans
37	31	Relevancy of statement as to fact of public nature contained in certain Acts or notificationsChanged
38	32	Relevancy of statements as to any law contained in law books including electronic or digital formChanged
39	33	What evidence to be given when statement forms part of a conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers
40	34	Previous judgments relevant to bar a second suit or trial
41	35	Relevancy of certain judgments in probate, etc., jurisdictionChanged
42	36	Relevancy and effect of judgments, orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in section35[41 IEA]
43	37	Judgments, etc., other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36 [40to 42 IEA] when relevant
44	38	Fraud or collusion in obtaining judgment, or incompetency of Court, may be proved
45	39(1)	Opinions of expertsChanged
45A	39(2)	Opinion of Examiner of Electronic EvidenceChanged
46	40	Facts bearing upon opinions of experts
47	41(1)	Opinion as to handwriting and signature, when relevantChanged
47A	41(2)	Opinion as to electronic signature, when relevantChanged
48	42	Opinion as to existence of general custom or right, when relevant
49	43	Opinion as to usages, tenets, etc., when relevantChanged
50	44	Opinion on relationship, when relevant
51	45	Grounds of opinion, when relevant
52	46	In civil cases character to prove conduct imputed, irrelevant
53	47	In criminal cases previous good character relevant
53A	48	Evidence of character or previous sexual experience not relevant in certain cases
54	49	Previous bad character not relevant, except in reply
55	50	Character as affecting damages
56	51	Fact judicially noticeable need not be proved
57	52	Facts of which Court shall take judicial noticeChanged
58	53	Facts admitted need not be proved
59	54	Proof of facts by oral evidenceChanged
60	55	Oral evidence must be directChanged
61	56	Proof of contents of documents
62	57	Primary evidenceChanged
63	58	Secondary evidenceChanged
64	59	Proof of documents by primary evidence
65	60	Cases in which secondary evidence relating to documents may be givenChanged
None (new)	61	Electronic or digital recordNew
65A	62	Special provisions as to evidence relating to electronic record
65B	63	Admissibility of electronic recordsChanged
66	64	Rules as to notice to produceChanged
67	65	Proof of signature and handwriting of person alleged to have signed or written document produced
67A	66	Proof as to electronic signature
68	67	Proof of execution of document required by law to be attested
69	68	Proof where no attesting witness foundChanged
70	69	Admission of execution by party to attested document
71	70	Proof when attesting witness denies execution
72	71	Proof of document not required by law to be attested
73	72	Comparison of signature, writing or seal with others admitted or provedChanged
73A	73	Proof as to verification of digital signature
74	74(1)	Public documentsChanged
75	74(2)	Public and private documentsChanged
76	75	Certified copies of public documents
77	76	Proof of documents by production of certified copies
78	77	Proof of other official documentsChanged
79	78	Presumption as to genuineness of certified copiesChanged
80	79	Presumption as to documents produced as record of evidence, etcChanged
81	80	Presumption as to Gazettes, newspapers, [private Acts of parliament] and other documentsChanged
81A	81	Presumption as to Gazettes in electronic or digital recordChanged
83	82	Presumption as to maps or plans made by authority of Government
84	83	Presumption as to collections of laws and reports of decisions
85	84	Presumption as to powers-of-attorney
85A	85	Presumption as to electronic agreementsChanged
85B	86	Presumption as to electronic records and electronic signatures
85C	87	Presumption as to Electronic Signature Certificates
86	88	Presumption as to certified copies of foreign judicial recordsChanged
87	89	Presumption as to books, maps and charts
88A	90	Presumption as to electronic messagesChanged
89	91	Presumption as to due execution, etc., of documents not produced
90	92	Presumption as to documents thirty years oldChanged
90A	93	Presumption as to electronic records five years oldChanged
91	94	Evidence of terms of contracts, grants and other dispositions of property reduced to form of document
92	95	Exclusion of evidence of oral agreementChanged
93	96	Exclusion of evidence to explain or amend ambiguous documentChanged
94	97	Exclusion of evidence against application of document to existing facts
95	98	Evidence as to document unmeaning in reference to existing factsChanged
96	99	Evidence as to application of language which can apply to one only of several personsChanged
97	100	Evidence as to application of language to one of two sets of facts, to neither of which the whole correctly applies
98	101	Evidence as to meaning of illegible characters, etcChanged
99	102	Who may give evidence of agreement varying terms of document
100	103	Saving of provisions of Indian Succession Act relating to willsChanged
101	104	Burden of proof
102	105	On whom burden of proof lies
103	106	Burden of proof as to particular fact
104	107	Burden of proving fact to be proved to make evidence admissible
105	108	Burden of proving that case of accused comes within exceptionsChanged
106	109	Burden of proving fact especially within knowledge
107	110	Burden of proving death of person known to have been alive within thirty years
108	111	Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard of for seven yearsChanged
109	112	Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent
110	113	Burden of proof as to ownership
111	114	Proof of good faith in transactions where one party is in relation of active confidenceChanged
111A	115	Presumption as to certain offencesChanged
112	116	Birth during marriage, conclusive proof of legitimacyChanged
113A	117	Presumption as to abetment of suicide by a married womanChanged
113B	118	Presumption as to dowry deathChanged
114	119	Court may presume existence of certain factsChanged
114A	120	Presumption as to absence of consent in certain prosecutions for rapeChanged
115	121	Estoppel
116	122	Estoppel of tenant and of licensee of person in possessionChanged
117	123	Estoppel of acceptor of bill of exchange, bailee or licensee
118	124	Who may testifyChanged
119	125	Witness unable to communicate verbally
120	126	Parties to civil suit and their wives or husbands; husband or wife of person under criminal trialChanged
121	127	Judges and Magistrates
122	128	Communications during marriage
123	129	Evidence as to affairs of State
124	130	Official communications
125	131	Information as to commission of offences
126	132(1)	Professional communicationsChanged
127	132(3)	Professional communications to apply interpreters, etc"Changed
128	133	Privilege not waived by volunteering evidenceChanged
129	134	Confidential communication with legal advisersChanged
130	135	Production of title-deeds of witness not a party
131	136	Production of documents or electronic records which another person, having possession, could refuse to produce
132	137	Witness not excused from answering on ground that answer will criminateChanged
133	138	AccompliceChanged
134	139	Number of witnesses
135	140	Order of production and examination of witnesses
136	141	Judge to decide as to admissibility of evidenceChanged
137	142	Examination-in-chief, cross-examination and re-examinationChanged
138	143	Order of examinationsChanged
139	144	Cross-examination of person called to produce a document
140	145	Witnesses to character
141	146(1)	Leading questionsChanged
142	146(2)	When they (leading) must not be askedChanged
143	146(4)	When they (leading) may be askedChanged
144	147	Evidence as to matters in writing
145	148	Cross-examination as to previous statements in writing
146	149	Questions lawful in cross-examinationChanged
147	150	When witness to be compelled to answer
148	151	Court to decide when question shall be asked and when witness compelled to answerChanged
149	152	Question not to be asked without reasonable groundsChanged
150	153	Procedure of Court in case of question being asked without reasonable groundsChanged
151	154	Indecent and scandalous questions
152	155	Questions intended to insult or annoy
153	156	Exclusion of evidence to contradict answers to questions testing veracityChanged
154	157	Question by party to his own witness (hostile witness)
155	158	Impeaching credit of witnessChanged
156	159	Questions tending to corroborate evidence of relevant fact, admissible
157	160	Former statements of witness may be proved to corroborate later testimony
158	161	What matters may be proved in connection with proved statement relevant under section 26 or 27. [ section 32 or 33]
159	162	Refreshing memoryChanged
160	163	Testimony to facts stated in document mentioned in section 162[159]
161	164	Right of adverse party as to writing used to refresh memoryChanged
162	165	Production of documentsChanged
163	166	Giving, as evidence, of document called for and produced on notice
164	167	Using, as evidence, of document production of which was refused on notice
165	168	Judge's power to put questions or order productionChanged
167	169	No new trial for improper admission or rejection of evidence
None (new)	170	Repeal and savingsNew

Quick answers

When did the BSA replace the Indian Evidence Act?+

The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 came into force on 1 July 2024 and replaced the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.

What is Section 65B of the Evidence Act in BSA?+

Admissibility of electronic records is now BSA Section 63. The certificate must follow the format in the Schedule.

What is Section 27 of the Evidence Act in BSA?+

The discovery rule is now the proviso to BSA Section 23.

What is Section 32 of the Evidence Act in BSA?+

Statements of persons who cannot be called as witnesses, including dying declarations, are now BSA Section 26.

Mapped from the official BSA–IEA correspondence table (Central Academy for Police Training, Bhopal). Some sections were split or merged, so read the bare act before you cite a section in court or in an exam answer.

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